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Immunization in children
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In Asia it is common to have several children, as infant mortality rates were extremely high.
In India, infant mortality is still sadly a very common phenomenon. Recent survey conducted shows that many of these deaths could be prevented if more awareness is established on the government immunization programs. Ironically, India’s Immunization Program is one of the largest in the world in terms of quantities of vaccines used, numbers of beneficiaries, and the numbers of immunization sessions organized when considering diversity and the geographical spread of the country.
Child immunization is the act of preventing childhood diseases such as ddiphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, typhoid and childhood tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox and small pox by giving chemical substances, which contains the contributing organization at a reduced viral state. Most immunizations can be given either through an injection or through the mouth.
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Vaccines: Prevention is better than cure
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Vaccines and immunoglobulins are agents used for both forms of immunisation- active and passive. Active immunisation increases the resistance to infection following recovery from an infection or artificially through administration of vaccine. Passive immunization is achieved by administration of antibodies of either animal or human origin. Immunisation vaccines are currently used for active immunisation against various diseases such as Tuberculosis, Polio, Diphtheria, Measles, Meningitis, Mumps, Influenza, Typhoid, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Tetanus, Cholera, Rabies, and Rubella.
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Tuberculosis and Vaccination
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Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacteria ‘Mycobacterium tuberculosis’ claims approximately 2 million lives a year. The figure would rise to 3 million if the list includes HIV positive individuals who die with active TB. Worldwide, the case fatality rate associated with the disease is nearly 23%. In places where there is a high prevalence of HIV (Africa), the rate is as high as 50 %. The BCG vaccine is recommended in the prevention of primary tuberculosis, especially to prevent the most serious manifestations of the disease. The immunization programme has been estimated to prevent only 5% of all potentially vaccine preventable deaths due to TB. A joint public-private effort must be created to increase public awareness regarding tuberculosis prevention.
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Tetanus Vaccination
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Tetanus is also called as lockjaw and is caused by ‘Clostridium tetanii’ commonly found in soil. Four main forms of the tetanus vaccine are available. The 3 in 1 DTP vaccine prevents against Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus while the 2 in 1 form protects against Diphtheria and Tetanus. Tetanus Toxoid and Tetanus Antitoxin are the other two most commonly used forms. Individuals who receive a minimum of 3 injections of tetanus-containing vaccine will be protected against the disorder for at least 10 years.
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| Hepatitis B Vaccination
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Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin provides immediate passive immunity for individuals following acute exposure to HbsAg positive blood or blood derivatives. It is indicated in the routine vaccination schedule for all infants, children and adolescents. High risk category include sexually active individuals, homosexuals, persons traveling to countries with high incidence rate of Hepatitis B, intravenous drug users, persons who deal with blood and blood products, patients with chronic renal failure, on dialysis. No case of transmission has been associated with the use of this product anywhere in the world.
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